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NATO phonetic alphabet
Not to be confused with International Phonetic Alphabet.
FAA radiotelephony alphabet and Morse code chart
The NATO phonetic alphabet, more accurately known as the International
Radiotelephony Spelling Alphabet and also called the ICAO phonetic or ICAO
spelling alphabet, as well as the ITU phonetic alphabet, is the most widely used
spelling alphabet. Though often called "phonetic alphabets", spelling alphabets
do not have any association with phonetic transcription systems like the
International Phonetic Alphabet. Instead, the International Civil Aviation
Organization (ICAO) alphabet assigned code words to digits and acrophonically to
the letters of the ISO basic Latin alphabet (Alfa for A, Bravo for B, etc.) so
that critical combinations of letters and numbers can be pronounced and
understood by those who transmit and receive voice messages by radio or
telephone regardless of their native language or the presence of transmission
static.
Show International adoption
After the phonetic alphabet was developed by the International Civil Aviation
Organization (ICAO) (see history below) it was adopted by many other
international and national organizations, including the North Atlantic Treaty
Organization (NATO), the International Telecommunication Union (ITU), the
International Maritime Organization (IMO), the American Federal Aviation
Administration (FAA), the Alliance for Telecommunications Industry Solutions
(ATIS), and the American Radio Relay League (ARRL). It is a subset of the much
older International Code of Signals (INTERCO), which originally included visual
signals by flags or flashing light, sound signals by whistle, siren, foghorn, or
bell, as well as one, two, or three letter codes for many phrases.[1] The same
alphabetic code words are used by all agencies, but each agency chooses one of
two different sets of numeric code words. NATO uses the regular English numeric
words (Zero, One, with some alternative pronunciations), whereas the IMO
provides for compound numeric words (Nadazero, Unaone, Bissotwo...). In practice
these are used very rarely, as they frequently result in confusion between
speakers of different languages.
NATO
A common name for this spelling alphabet, "NATO phonetic alphabet," exists
because it appears in Allied Tactical Publication ATP-1, Volume II: Allied
Maritime Signal and Maneuvering Book used by all allied navies of NATO, which
adopted a modified form of the International Code of Signals. Because the latter
allows messages to be spelled via flags or Morse code, it naturally named the
code words used to spell out messages by voice its "phonetic alphabet". The name
NATO phonetic alphabet became widespread because the signals used to facilitate
the naval communications and tactics of NATO have become global.[2] However,
ATP-1 is marked NATO Confidential (or the lower NATO Restricted) so it is not
available publicly. Nevertheless, a NATO unclassified version of the document is
provided to foreign, even hostile, militaries, even though they are not allowed
to make it available publicly. The spelling alphabet is now also defined in
other unclassified international military documents.[3]
History
The ICAO developed this system in the 1950s in order to account for
discrepancies that might arise in communications as a result of multiple
alphabet naming systems coexisting in different places and organizations.[4]
In the official[5] version of the alphabet, the non-English spellings Alfa and
Juliett are used. Alfa is spelled with an f as it is in most European languages
because the English and French spelling alpha would not be pronounced properly
by native speakers of some other languages - who may not know that ph should be
pronounced as f. Juliett is spelled with a tt for French speakers, because they
may otherwise treat a single final t as silent. In some English versions of the
alphabet, one or both of these may have their standard English spelling.[6]Close
this section
ShowCode words
The pronunciation of the code words accompanying the ICAO audio recording of
1955[7]
This article contains IPA phonetic symbols. Without proper rendering
support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of
Unicode characters.
The final choice of code words for the letters of the alphabet and for the
digits was made after hundreds of thousands of comprehension tests involving 31
nationalities. The qualifying feature was the likelihood of a code word being
understood in the context of others. For example, football has a higher chance
of being understood than foxtrot in isolation, but foxtrot is superior in
extended communication.[8]
The pronunciation of the code words varies according to the language habits of
the speaker. To eliminate wide variations in pronunciation, recordings and
posters illustrating the pronunciation desired by the ICAO are available.[8][9]
However, there are still differences in pronunciation between the ICAO and other
agencies, and the ICAO has conflicting Roman-alphabet and IPA transcriptions.
Also, although all codes for the letters of the alphabet are English words, they
are not in general given English pronunciations. Assuming that the
transcriptions are not intended to be precise, only 11 of the 26—Bravo, Echo,
Hotel, Juliet(t), Kilo, Mike, Papa, Quebec, Romeo, Whiskey, and Zulu—are given
English pronunciations by all these agencies, though not always the same English
pronunciations.
Letters
LetterCode wordPronunciation
US Army
standard[10] ICAO[9] and ITU
Roman standard[11] FAA
standards[12][13] ICAO
IPA standard[9] SIO[14]
(France)ICAO recording
(1955)[7] Consolidated transcription
AAlfa
ATIS: AlphaAL fahAL FAHALFAH or
AL-FAHˈælfɑal fah[ˈælfʌ]/ˈælfɑː/ AL-fah
BBravoBRAH vohBRAH VOH
(1955: BRAH VOH)BRAHVOH or
BRAH-VO[ˈbrɑːˈvo]bra vo[brɑˈvoʊ]/ˈbrɑːvoʊ/ BRAH-voh
CCharlieCHAR leeCHAR LEECHARLEE or
CHAR-LEEˈtʃɑːli or
ˈʃɑːli tchah li,
char li[ˈtʃɑ˞li],
[ˈʃɑ˞li]/ˈtʃɑrliː/ CHAR-lee or
/ˈʃɑrliː/ SHAR-lee
DDeltaDEL tahDELL TAHDELLTAH or
DELL-TAHˈdeltɑdel tah[ˈdɛltʌ]/ˈdɛltɑː/ DEL-tah
EEchoEKK ohECK OHECKOH or
ECK-OHˈekoèk o[ˈɛkoʊ]/ˈɛkoʊ/ EK-oh
FFoxtrotFOKS trotFOKS TROTFOKSTROT or
FOKS-TROTˈfɔkstrɔtfox trott[ˈfɑkstrɑt]/ˈfɒkstrɒt/ FOKS-trot
GGolfGolfGOLFGOLFɡʌlf [sic]golf[ˈɡʌl(f)]/ˈɡɒlf/ GOLF
HHotelHO tellHOH TELLHOHTELL or
HOH-TELLhoːˈtelho tèll[hoʊˈtɛl]/hoʊˈtɛl/ hoh-TEL
IIndiaIN dee ahIN DEE AHINDEE AH or
IN-DEE-AHˈindiˑɑin di ah[ˈɪndi.ʌ]/ˈɪndiːɑː/ IN-dee-ah
JJuliett
ATIS: JulietJEW lee ettJEW LEE ETTJEWLEE ETT or
JEW-LEE-ETTˈdʒuːliˑˈetdjou li ètt[ˌdʒuliˈɛt]/ˈdʒuːliːɛt/ JEW-lee-et or
/ˌdʒuːliːˈɛt/ JEW-lee-ET
KKiloKEY lohKEY LOHKEYLOH or
KEY-LOHˈkiːloki lo[ˈkiloʊ]/ˈkiːloʊ/ KEE-loh
LLimaLEE mahLEE MAHLEEMAH or
LEE-MAHˈliːmɑli mah[ˈlimʌ]/ˈliːmɑː/ LEE-mah
MMikeMikeMIKEMIKEmɑikmaïk[ˈmʌɪk]/ˈmaɪk/ MYK
NNovemberNOH vem berNO VEM BERNOVEMBER or
NO-VEM-BERnoˈvembəno vèmm ber[noʊˈvɛmbɹ̩]/noʊˈvɛmbər/ noh-VEM-bər[15]
OOscarOSS carOSS CAHOSSCAH or
OSS-CAHˈɔskɑoss kar[ˈɑskɹ̩]/ˈɒskɑː/ OS-kah
PPapaPAH pahPAH PAHPAHPAH or
PAH-PAHpəˈpɑpah pah[pəˈpɑ]/pɑːˈpɑː/ pah-PAH
QQuebeckeh BECKKEH BECKKEHBECK or
KEH-BECKkeˈbekké bèk[kɛˈbɛk]/kɛˈbɛk/ ke-BEK
RRomeoROW me ohROW ME OHROWME OH or
ROW-ME-OHˈroːmiˑoro mi o[ˈɹoʊmi.oʊ]/ˈroʊmiːoʊ/ ROH-mee-oh
SSierrasee AIR ahSEE AIR RAHSEEAIRAH or
SEE-AIR-AHsiˈerɑsi èr rah[siˈɛɾʌ]/siːˈɛrɑː/ see-ERR-ah
TTangoTANG goTANG GOTANGGO or
TANG-GOˈtænɡotang go[ˈtæŋɡoʊ]/ˈtæŋɡoʊ/ TANG-goh
UUniformYOU nee formYOU NEE FORM or
OO NEE FORMYOUNEE FORM or
YOU-NEE-FORM or
OO-NEE-FORMˈjuːnifɔːm or
ˈuːnifɔrm you ni form,
ou ni form[ˈjunɪ̈fɔ˞m],
[ˈunɪ̈fɔ˞m]/ˈjuːniːfɔrm/ EW-nee-form or
/ˈuːniːfɔrm/ OO-nee-form
VVictorVIK terVIK TAHVIKTAH or
VIK-TAHˈviktɑvik tar[ˈvɪktəɹ]/ˈvɪktɑː/ VIK-tah
WWhiskeyWISS keyWISS KEYWISSKEY or
WISS-KEYˈwiskiouiss ki[ˈwɪski]/ˈwɪskiː/ WIS-kee
XX-ray
or XrayEKS rayECKS RAYECKSRAY [sic] or
ECKS-RAYˈeksˈreièkss ré[ˈɛksɹeɪ]/ˈɛksreɪ/ EKS-ray or
/ˌɛksˈreɪ/ EKS-RAY
YYankeeYANG keeYANG KEYYANGKEY [sic] or
YANG-KEYˈjænkiyang ki[ˈjæŋki]/ˈjæŋkiː/ YANG-kee
ZZuluZOO looZOO LOOZOOLOO or
ZOO-LOOˈzuːluːzou lou[ˈzulu]/ˈzuːluː/ ZOO-loo
- (hyphen)Dash/ˈdæʃ/ DASH
Digits
DigitCode wordPronunciationSIO[14] Wikipedia transcription
0Zero (FAA)
Nadazero (ITU, IMO)ZE-RO (ICAO), ZE RO or ZEE-RO (FAA)
NAH-DAH-ZAY-ROH (ITU, IMO)zi ro/ˈziːroʊ/ ZEE-roh
/ˌnɑːˌdɑːˌzeɪˈroʊ/ NAH-DAH-ZAY-ROH
1One (FAA)
Unaone (ITU, IMO)WUN (ICAO, FAA)
OO-NAH-WUN (ITU, IMO)ouann/ˈwʌn/ WUN
/ˌuːˌnɑːˈwʌn/ OO-NAH-WUN
2Two (FAA)
Bissotwo (ITU, IMO)TOO (ICAO, FAA)
BEES-SOH-TOO (ITU, IMO)tou/ˈtuː/ TOO
/ˌbiːˌsoʊˈtuː/ BEE-SOH-TOO
3Three (FAA)
Terrathree (ITU, IMO)TREE (ICAO, FAA)
TAY-RAH-TREE (ITU, IMO)tri/ˈtriː/ TREE
/ˌteɪˌrɑːˈtriː/ TAY-RAH-TREE
4Four (FAA)
Kartefour (ITU, IMO)FOW-ER (ICAO), FOW ER (FAA)
KAR-TAY-FOWER (ITU, IMO) fo eur/ˈfoʊ.ər/ FOH-ər
/ˌkɑrˌteɪˈfoʊ.ər/ KAR-TAY-FOH-ər
5Five (FAA)
Pantafive (ITU, IMO)FIFE (ICAO, FAA)
PAN-TAH-FIVE (ITU, IMO)fa ïf/ˈfaɪf/ FYF[16]
/ˌpænˌtɑːˈfaɪv/ PAN-TAH-FYV
6Six (FAA)
Soxisix (ITU, IMO)SIX (ICAO, FAA)
SOK-SEE-SIX (ITU, IMO)siks/ˈsɪks/ SIKS
/ˌsɔːkˌsiːˈsɪks/ SOK-SEE-SIKS
7Seven (FAA)
Setteseven (ITU, IMO)SEV-EN (ICAO), SEV EN (FAA)
SAY-TAY-SEVEN (ITU, IMO) sèv n/ˈsɛvɛn/ SEV-en
/ˌseɪˌteɪˈsɛvɛn/ SAY-TAY-SEV-en
8Eight (FAA)
Oktoeight (ITU, IMO)AIT (ICAO, FAA)
OK-TOH-AIT (ITU, IMO)eït/ˈeɪt/ AYT
/ˌɔːkˌtoʊˈeɪt/ OK-TOH-AYT
9Niner (FAA)
Nine or niner (ICAO)
Novenine (ITU, IMO)NIN-ER (ICAO), NIN ER (FAA)
NO-VAY-NINER (ITU, IMO) naï neu/ˈnaɪnər/ NY-nər[17]
/ˌnɔːvˌeɪˈnaɪnər/ NOV-AY-NY-nər
100Hundred (ICAO)HUN-dred (ICAO)hun-dred/ˈhʌndrɛd/ HUN-dred
1000Thousand (ICAO)TOU-SAND (ICAO)taou zend/ˌtaʊˈsænd/ TOW-ZEND[18]
. (decimal point)Point (FAA)
Decimal (ITU, ICAO)DAY-SEE-MAL (ITU) (ICAO)dè si mal/ˌdeɪˌsiːˈmæl/
DAY-SEE-MAL
. (full stop)Stop (ITU)STOP (ITU)/ˈstɔːp/ STOP
Other words
Main article: Voice procedure
Several important short words and responses have set equivalents designed to
make them more reliably intelligible, and are used in the same situations as the
NATO alphabet.
For "yes" and "no", radio operators say affirmative and negative, though to
avoid possible confusion affirm is sometimes used for affirmative
"Help" is mayday – emergency, often shortened to mayday; this "mayday" is based
on French m'aidez 'help me!'.
Acknowledgement of a message is expressed with roger message, often shortened to
roger; "roger" was the WWII-era word for R (modern 'romeo'), which stood for
"received".
Ending a turn is signaled by over, short for over to you; the end of a message
is signaled by out.
Telegraphese is used, with functions words like the, a/an, and is/are dropped,
and contractions are avoided for full forms such as do not (don't). And, as
noted above, stop is used to end a sentence, contrasting with decimal for a
decimal point in a number.
Pronunciation
Pronunciations are somewhat uncertain because the agencies, while ostensibly
using the same pronunciations, give different transcriptions, which are often
inconsistent from letter to letter. The ICAO gives different pronunciations in
IPA transcription than in respelling, and the FAA also gives different
pronunciations depending on the publication consulted, the FAA Aeronautical
Information Manual (§ 4-2-7), the FAA Flight Services manual (§ 14.1.5), or the
ATC manual (§ 2-4-16). ATIS gives English spellings, but does not give
pronunciations or numbers. The ICAO, NATO, and FAA use modifications of English
numerals, with stress on one syllable, while the ITU and IMO compound
pseudo-Latinate numerals with a slightly different set of modified English
numerals, and with stress on each syllable. Numbers 10–99 are spelled out (that
is, 17 is "1-7" and 60 is "6-0"), while for hundreds and thousands the English
words hundred and thousand are used.[6][9][11][12][13][19]
The pronunciation of the digits 3, 4, 5, and 9 differs from standard English -
being pronounced tree, fower, fife, and niner. The digit 3 is specified as tree
so that it is not pronounced "sri"; the long pronunciation of 4 (still found in
some English dialects) keeps it somewhat distinct from for; 5 is pronounced with
a second "f" because the normal pronunciation with a "v" is easily confused with
"fire" (a command to shoot); and 9 has an extra syllable to keep it distinct
from German nein 'no'.
Only the ICAO prescribes pronunciation with the IPA, and then only for
letters.[9] Several of the pronunciations indicated are slightly modified from
their normal English pronunciations: /ˈælfɑ, ˈbrɑːˈvo, ˈʃɑːli, ˈdeltɑ,
ˈfɔkstrɔt, ɡʌlf, ˈliːmɑ, ˈɔskɑ, siˈerɑ, ˈtænɡo, ˈuːnifɔrm, ˈviktɑ, ˈjænki/,
partially due to the substitution of final schwas with the ah vowel; in
addition, the intended distinction between the short vowels /o ɑ ɔ/ and the long
vowels /oː ɑː ɔː/ is obscure, and has been ignored in the consolidated
transcription above. Both the IPA and respelled pronunciations were developed by
the ICAO before 1956 with advice from the governments of both the United States
and United Kingdom,[20] so the pronunciations of both General American English
and British Received Pronunciation are evident, especially in the rhotic and
non-rhotic accents. The respelled version is usually at least consistent with a
rhotic accent ('r' pronounced), as in CHAR LEE, SHAR LEE, NO VEM BER, YOU NEE
FORM, and OO NEE FORM, whereas the IPA version usually specifies a non-rhotic
accent ('r' pronounced only before a vowel), as in ˈtʃɑːli, ˈʃɑːli, noˈvembə,
and ˈjuːnifɔːm. Exceptions are OSS CAH, VIK TAH and ˈuːnifɔrm. The IPA form of
Golf implies it is pronounced gulf, which is not either General American English
or British Received Pronunciation. Different agencies assign different stress
patterns to Bravo, Hotel, Juliett, November, Papa, X-ray; the ICAO has different
stresses for Bravo, Juliett, X-ray in its respelled and IPA transcriptions. The
mid back [ɔ] vowel transcribed in Oscar and Foxtrot is actually a low vowel in
both Received British and General American, and has been interpreted as such
above. Furthermore, the pronunciation prescribed for "whiskey" agrees with
General American but not with RP, in which the h of wh- is pronounced.Close this
section
ShowHistory
Military alphabets before 1956
Royal NavyWestern Front slang
or "signalese"RAF phonetic alphabetU.S. phonetic
alphabet
1914–1918 (WWI)1924–19421943–19561941–1956
Apples
Butter
Charlie
Duff
Edward
Freddy
George
Harry
Ink
Johnnie
King
London
Monkey
Nuts
Orange
Pudding
Queenie
Robert
Sugar
Tommy
Uncle
Vinegar
Willie
Xerxes
Yellow
ZebraAck
Beer
Charlie
Don
Edward
Freddie
Gee
Harry
Ink
Johnnie
King
London
Emma
Nuts
Oranges
Pip
Queen
Robert
Essex
Toc
Uncle
Vic
William
X-ray
Yorker
ZebraAce
Beer
Charlie
Don
Edward
Freddie
George
Harry
Ink
Johnnie
King
London
Monkey
Nuts
Orange
Pip
Queen
Robert
Sugar
Toc
Uncle
Vic
William
X-ray
Yorker
ZebraAble/Affirm
Baker
Charlie
Dog
Easy
Fox
George
How
Item/Interrogatory
Jig/Johnny
King
Love
Mike
Nab/Negat
Oboe
Peter/Prep
Queen
Roger
Sugar
Tare
Uncle
Victor
William
X-ray
Yoke
ZebraAble
Baker
Charlie
Dog
Easy
Fox
George
How
Item
Jig
King
Love
Mike
Nan
Oboe
Peter
Queen
Roger
Sugar
Tare
Uncle
Victor
William
X-ray
Yoke
Zebra
The first internationally recognized spelling alphabet was adopted by the ITU
during 1927. The experience gained with that alphabet resulted in several
changes being made during 1932 by the ITU. The resulting alphabet was adopted by
the International Commission for Air Navigation, the predecessor of the ICAO,
and was used for civil aviation until World War II.[20] It continued to be used
by the IMO until 1965:
Amsterdam Baltimore Casablanca Denmark Edison Florida Gallipoli Havana Italia
Jerusalem Kilogramme Liverpool Madagascar New_York Oslo Paris Quebec Roma
Santiago Tripoli Upsala Valencia Washington Xanthippe Yokohama ZurichBritish and
American armed forces had each developed their spelling alphabets before both
forces adopted the ICAO alphabet during 1956. British forces adopted the RAF
phonetic alphabet, which is similar to the phonetic alphabet used by the Royal
Navy during World War I. The U.S. adopted the Joint Army/Navy Phonetic Alphabet
during 1941 to standardize systems among all branches of its armed forces. The
U.S. alphabet became known as Able Baker after the words for A and B. The United
Kingdom adapted its RAF alphabet during 1943 to be almost identical to the
American Joint-Army-Navy (JAN) one.
After World War II, with many aircraft and ground personnel from the allied
armed forces, "Able Baker" continued to be used for civil aviation. But many
sounds were unique to English, so an alternative "Ana Brazil" alphabet was used
in Latin America. But the International Air Transport Association (IATA),
recognizing the need for a single universal alphabet, presented a draft alphabet
to the ICAO during 1947 that had sounds common to English, French, and Spanish.
After further study and modification by each approving body, the revised
alphabet was implemented on 1 November 1951 for civil aviation (but it may not
have been adopted by any military):[20]
Alfa Bravo Coca Delta Echo Foxtrot Golf Hotel India Juliett Kilo Lima Metro
Nectar Oscar Papa Quebec Romeo Sierra Tango Union Victor Whisky Extra Yankee
ZuluProblems were soon found with this list. Some users believed that they were
so severe that they reverted to the old "Able Baker" alphabet. To identify the
deficiencies of the new alphabet, testing was conducted among speakers from 31
nations, principally by the governments of the United Kingdom and the United
States. Confusion among words like Delta, Nectar, Victor, and Extra, or the
unintelligibility of other words during poor receiving conditions were the main
problems. After much study, only the five words representing the letters C, M,
N, U, and X were replaced. The ICAO sent a recording of the new Radiotelephony
Spelling Alphabet to all member states in November 1955.[7][8] The final version
given in the table above was implemented by the ICAO on 1 March 1956,[20] and
the ITU adopted it no later than 1959 when they mandated its usage via their
official publication, Radio Regulations.[21] Because the ITU governs all
international radio communications, it was also adopted by all radio operators,
whether military, civilian, or amateur (ARRL). It was finally adopted by the IMO
in 1965. During 1947 the ITU adopted the compound number words (Nadazero Unaone,
etc.), later adopted by the IMO during 1965.Close this section
ShowUsage
A spelling alphabet is used to spell parts of a message containing letters and
numbers to avoid confusion, because many letters sound similar, for instance "n"
and "m" or "b" and "d"; the potential for confusion increases if static or other
interference is present. For instance the message "proceed to map grid DH98"
could be transmitted as "proceed to map grid Delta-Hotel-Niner-Ait". Using
"Delta" instead of "D" avoids confusion between "BH98" and "DH98". The unusual
pronunciation of certain numbers was designed to reduce confusion.
In addition to the traditional military usage, civilian industry uses the
alphabet to avoid similar problems in the transmission of messages by telephone
systems. For example, it is often used in the retail industry where customer or
site details are spoken by telephone (to authorize a credit agreement or confirm
stock codes), although ad hoc coding is often used in that instance. It has been
used often by information technology workers to communicate serial/reference
codes (which are often very long) or other specialised information by voice.
Additionally, most major airlines use the alphabet to communicate Passenger Name
Records (PNRs) internally, and in some cases, with customers.
Several letter codes and abbreviations using the spelling alphabet have become
well-known, such as Bravo Zulu (letter code BZ) for "well done",[22]Checkpoint
Charlie (Checkpoint C) in Berlin, and Zulu Time for Greenwich Mean Time or
Coordinated Universal Time. During the Vietnam War, Viet Cong guerrillas and the
group itself were referred to as VC, or Victor Charlie; the name "Charlie"
became synonymous with this force.Close this section
ShowVariants
Aviation
"Delta" is replaced by "Data", "Dixie" or "David" at airports that have a
majority of Delta Air Lines flights, such as Hartsfield-Jackson Atlanta
International Airport in order to avoid confusion because "Delta" is also
Delta's callsign.[23]
Other
Many unofficial spelling alphabets are in use that are not based on a standard,
but are based on words the transmitter can remember easily, including first
names, states, or cities. The LAPD phonetic alphabet has many first names. The
German spelling alphabet ("Deutsches Funkalphabet") also uses first names.Close
this section
ShowAdditions in other languages
Certain languages' standard alphabets have letters, or letters with diacritics
(e.g., umlauts), that do not exist in the English alphabet. If these letters
have two-letter ASCII substitutes, the ICAO/NATO code words for the two letters
are used.
Finnish
In Finnish, there are also national substitutes for letters which do not occur
in English. These are informal national substitutes and are not used when
communicating with non-Finnish personnel. "Åke" (a male's name) is used for ⟨å⟩,
"Äiti" (mother) for ⟨ä⟩ and "Öljy" (oil) for ⟨ö⟩.
German and Swedish
In German and Swedish, Alfa-Alfa (aa) is used for ⟨å⟩, Alfa-Echo (ae) for ⟨ä⟩,
Oscar-Echo (oe) for ⟨ö⟩, Sierra-Sierra (ss) for ⟨ß⟩, and Uniform-Echo (ue) for
⟨ü⟩.[24]
Czech
Czech ⟨ů⟩, historically uo, is Uniform-Oscar (uo).Close this section
ShowSee also
International Code of Signals (includes flag representations)
LAPD phonetic alphabet
List of military time zones
Procedure word
Q code
Ten-code
Voice procedure
Close this section
ShowReferences
^ International Code of Signals, United States Edition, 1969 Edition (Revised
2003), Chapter 1, pages 18–19, 148.
^ Globalization and Sea Power
^ Communication instructions – General, Allied Communications Publication ACP
121(H), Combined Communications-Electronics Board, April 2007, section 318
^ "The postal History of the ICAO". ICAO.
http://legacy.icao.int/icao/en/hist/stamps/annex_10_aeronautical_telecommunications.htm.
Retrieved 29 August 2012.
^ "Alphabet - Radiotelephony". ICAO.
http://legacy.icao.int/icao/en/trivia/alphabet.htm. Retrieved 29 August 2012.
^ a b "Alliance for Telecommunications Industry Solutions ATIS-0100523.2011,
ATIS Telecom Glossary 2011". Atis.org.
http://www.atis.org/glossary/definition.aspx?id=2568. Retrieved 22 August
2010.
^ a b c The audio recording, available here [1], does not follow the details
of the ICAO transcription. Apart from the dual pronunciations of Charlie and
Uniform, the speaker uses the normal English pronunciations of the code words.
^ a b c Pamphlet included in the 1955 ICAO phonograph recording, viewable at
The Postal History of ICAO, Annex 10 – Aeronautical Telecommunications
^ a b c d e International Civil Aviation Organization, Aeronautical
Telecommunications: Annex 10 to the Convention on International Civil
Aviation, Volume II (Fifth edition, 1995), Chapter 5, 38–40.
^ Military phonetic alphabet by US Army
^ a b "ITU Phonetic Alphabet and Figure Code". Life.itu.ch.
http://life.itu.ch/radioclub/rr/ap14.htm. Retrieved 22 August 2010.
^ a b "ICAO Phonetics in the FAA ATC Manual, §2-4-16". Faa.gov. 11 February
2010.
http://www.faa.gov/air_traffic/publications/atpubs/ATC/atc0204.html#atc0204.html.5.
Retrieved 22 August 2010.
^ a b Phonetic alphabet in the FAA Aeronautical Information Manual, §4-2-7
^ a b Service de l'Information Aéronautique, Radiotéléphonie, 2nd edition,
2006
^ The ITU and ICAO (romanized) transcribe this as /nɔːˈvɛmbər/ naw-VEM-bər,
presumably an error.
^ The pronunciation "fife" is required. Failure to use this pronunciation has
resulted in '5' being misheard as '9'. (McMillan, 1998, "Miscommunications in
Air Traffic Control")
^ Transcribed as if it were /ˈnɪnər/ NIN-ər, but this pronunciation is never
used.
^ Transcribed as if it rhymed with sand, but this pronunciation is never used.
^ "ICAO phonetic alphabet by Canada". Tc.gc.ca. 20 May 2010.
http://www.tc.gc.ca/eng/civilaviation/publications/tp11957-appendices-appendixa-1182.htm.
Retrieved 22 August 2010.
^ a b c d L.J. Rose, "Aviation's ABC: The development of the ICAO spelling
alphabet", ICAO Bulletin 11/2 (1956) 12–14.
^ International Telecommunication Union, "Appendix 16: Phonetic Alphabet and
Figure Code", Radio Regulations (Geneva, 1959) 430–431.
^ "Where does the term "Bravo Zulu" originate?". 6 March 2005. Archived from
the original on 6 March 2005.
http://web.archive.org/web/20050306051400/http://www.chinfo.navy.mil/navpalib/questions/bzulu.html.
Retrieved 22 August 2010.
^ Civil Aviation Authority, "Aircraft Call Sign Confusion Evaluation Safety
Study", April 2000
^ "Sambandsregelmente för Försvarsmakten, Telefoni – HKV 12800: 70799" dated
26 June 2006.
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